There are only two ways to reduce a budget deficit. You must either increase revenue or decrease spending. On a personal level, you can increase revenue by getting a raise, finding a better job, or working two jobs. You can also start a business on the side, draw down investment income, or rent out real estate.
A balanced budget is a budget (i.e., a financial plan) in which revenues are equal to expenditures, such that there is no budget deficit or surplus. Although the concept of a balanced budget applies to any organization that generates operating revenues and incurs operating expenses, it is most commonly applied to government budgets. Although the term balanced budget points towards a breakeven between surpluses and deficits, it can also be a budget that posts a surplus but not a deficit. Therefore, revenues may be greater than expenses in a balanced budget, but not vice versa.
Components of a Balanced Budget
- Revenues: For corporations and non-governmental organizations, revenues come from the sale of goods and/or services. For governments, the majority of revenues come from income taxes, corporate taxes, social insurance taxes, and consumption taxes.
- Expenses: For corporations and non-governmental organizations, expenses include the amount that is spent on daily operations and factors of production, including rent and wages. For governments, expenses include spending on infrastructure, defense, healthcare, pension, subsidies, and other factors that contribute to the health of the overall economy.
Practical Examples: It is uncommon to come across balanced budgets where revenues and expenses are equal due to the volatility of the factors that contribute to a surplus and/or a deficit. For example, Canada reported revenues of $332.2 billion and expenses worth $346.2 billion, ending the year 2017 with a budget deficit of $14 billion. On the other hand, countries like Germany, Switzerland, and South Korea posted a budget surplus, which could be considered a balanced budget.
It is also important to note that such a type of budget can be produced annually, biennially, and cyclically. An annual balanced budget balances the budget for the financial year that it covers. A biennial balanced budget allows the budget to fluctuate over two years. A surplus in one and a deficit in the other of the same amount will produce a biennially balanced budget.
Cyclically balanced budgets account for economic conditions. They are usually in deficit when the economy is going through a downturn and in surplus during economic booms.
Importance: Planning a balanced budget helps governments to avoid excessive spending and allows them to focus funds on areas and services that require them the most. Furthermore, achieving a budget surplus can provide funds for emergencies, e.g., if the government wishes to increase spending during a recession without having to borrow.
Balancing the budget also allows governments to save on the interest rate charges that accrue on large loans from lenders (i.e., other countries and/or organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank) and to have control over policies during times of distress.
Applications: Budget Variance Analysis
A budget variance analysis compares the actual budget outcomes to the baseline figures that are projected in the budget. When actual figures are better (i.e., revenues higher and/or expenses lower) than what is planned, the budget variance is called favorable variance. When actual figures are worse (i.e., revenues lower and/or expenses higher) than what is planned, the budget variance is called negative variance. For corporations, a balanced budget often contributes to a favorable outcome from the budget variance analysis.